Summer Color Trials Report

North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
2022

Mark Weathington
Director

Bernadette Clark
Agricultural Research Technician

Department of Horticultural Science
JC Raulston Arboretum

Table of Contents

• Top Performers
• General Introductory Notes and Acknowledgements
• Understanding Our Data
• Climate Graphs
• Variance
• Plant Material Sources
• Reports
  • Top 10
  • Best of Breed
  • Leaders of the Pack
  • Early Season Leaders of the Pack
  • Late Season Leaders of the Pack
  • Cultivar Series Summaries
  • Weekly Ratings

General Introductory Notes and Acknowledgements

The trial gardens for seasonal color plant materials are located at NC State University within the JC Raulston Arboretum (JCRA) in Raleigh. The JCRA is a ten and a half acre site administered by the Department of Horticultural Science and located on 35° 47'N latitude, longitude 78° 42' W, with an elevation of 400'.

Plants to be entered into our trials are received in a variety of ways. About one quarter are germinated from seeds while the remainder originate as rooted cuttings or established cell plugs. Virtually all are grown within controlled greenhouse environments prior to placement in protected outdoor structures for hardening off. They were planted into their permanent trial bed locations on May 17, 2022. The predominant plant spacing in the bed trials was 18" × 24" (in-row × between-row spacing). Seven plants of each entry were used to evaluate landscape performance. Hanging baskets and containers had one plant each and were replicated three times. All ratings were taken weekly.

Acknowledgements

We thank the following for their support:

• BASF, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
• Sun Gro Horticulture, 4731 Homestead Place, Matthews, NC 28104
  

We are especially thankful to the departmental staff and the volunteers of the JC Raulston Arboretum who assisted in transplanting and maintaining the annual beds throughout the growing season … we couldn't have done it without you all!

Understanding Our Data

Number of Weeks in Flower

This is recorded as the total number of weeks in flower throughout the entire season. It should give you an idea of whether or not a plant is best used for the whole season or as a "fill-in" for special displays. Obviously, those species grown for foliage interest alone, e.g. Acalypha, may score poorly in this column and should not be rejected based on this value alone!

Weekly Ratings

Plants were given a visual rating weekly by the same person beginning June 03, 2022 (about three weeks after planting) through September 26, 2022. The overall rating was based on plant performance and appearance, including floriferousness, plant size and shape, and freedom from insect and disease problems. The rating scale ranged from 1 (very poor) to 5 (excellent) with 0.5 unit increments possible; a 0 rating indicated that all plants of the cultivar trial died.

The best way to really evaluate our trials is to come in person. The JCRA is open 365 days a year.

Summaries of Weekly Ratings

The first statistic that readers run to is likely the "all season average." This value represents overall performance for the entire summer season. However, realizing that there are many species/cultivars which may do better in one part of the growing season versus another, we also provide an "early season average" and "late season average" for each entry. The former is the average of the first half of the evaluation period and the latter represents the end of the season. This information may be useful in planning short term plantings with high impact as well as for studying temperature preferences, life cycle changes, and/or the impact of photoperiod on plant performance. The "number of weeks rated above 3" gives you an idea of how consistently throughout the season an entry is an exemplary performer.

The Lists You'll Find in This Report

The data is presented in three categories: beds, containers, and hanging baskets. This allows a truer, more equitable way of comparing the entries. Each category will have the individual breakout of data, just like before. For example, you will be able to view a Top 10 listing for beds, containers, and hanging baskets entries.

"The Top 10" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – this list shows the species/cultivars with the top ten "All Season Averages." These were our best overall performers. When the list exceeds ten, there were ties.

"Leaders of the Pack" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – lists all species/cultivars with an "All Season Average" of 3.5 or better. We consider this the arbitrary cutoff rating for a "significant performer" in Raleigh. This list shows all your best choices for planting, listed by plant name.

"Leaders of the Pack – Early Season" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – this shows entries with "Early Season Averages" of 3.5 or better based on the first half of the evaluation period. This group may prefer cooler temperatures or only have a relatively short ornamental life, and might not show up on the "Leaders of the Pack" list above.

"Leaders of the Pack – Late Season" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – this shows entries with "Late Season Averages" of 3.5 or better based on the end of the season evaluations. They may prefer very warm temperatures or flower as daylengths start to shorten, again sometimes precluding them from inclusion on the overall "Leaders of the Pack" list.

"Best of Breed" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – shows the best performing cultivars in each species.

"Summary by Series" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – groups the information for cultivar series where appropriate. This can be a quick reference for related cultivars as well as a handy tool to judge the general performance of an entire series offered by a breeder/company.

"Weekly Ratings" (beds, containers, and hanging baskets) – evaluation given for each entry on a weekly basis.

The Average Monthly Precipitation and Temperature for the Summer 2022 Trials

Our growing conditions this summer were hot with little rain. The rain was scarce but when it did rain, it often was very heavy. Our greatest amounts of rainfall occurred on August 12 (3.12") and September 30 (4.07"). This season there were few breaks from the heat, making this summer our third warmest on record. Our first 90-degree days occurred on May 19, two days after planting! July had the most 90℃+ days at 26 days. During mid-August, we had a short break in the heat (temperatures in the 80℃s) but the heat flipped back on after that brief tease. We had one 100℃ day on June 14.

Variance

Variance: The Best of Uniformity

Sometimes I think that the one number most often overlooked in our report is the variance. Go to the "Leaders of the Pack" data tables and look for its column. The term itself may be intimidating in light of its mystery, but need not be as it can be most informative. Simply put, the lower the variance, the most alike all plants are in the group evaluated, and hence the greater the uniformity. For so many in the commercial landscaping sector, they live and die by uniformity because appearance can be everything. So, by using a selected variance value of 0.1 as our very tough cut-off, we can really see which plants are setting the standard for superb uniformity. In many cases our results have confirmed some excellent reputations, for others, it's a first time notice.

Variance: All Over the Page

Whereas small variance values indicate excellent uniformity, the opposite can point out cultivars with a "mind of their own!" They are not necessarily a poor choice, just not ruler perfect. In this case, plants with variance values of 1.0 or more were highlighted for great differences observed during the season. To be fair, there are many reasons for a lack of uniformity, most likely of which would simply be the result of our normal or extreme weather.

Seed and Plant Material Sources

Please get in touch with these companies if you have specific questions regarding individual species and cultivars.

Seed and Plant Material Sources

All-America Selections, 5201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 3, Downers Grove, IL 60515

Ball FloraPlant, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185

Classic Caladium, LLC, 1315 S.R. 64 W, Avon Park, FL 33825

Ernst Benary of America, 195 Paulsen Road, Watsonville, CA 95076

Kieft Seed, 622 Town Road, West Chicago, IL 60185

PanAmerican Seed, P.O. Box 335, West Chicago, IL 60185

Proven Winners, 1021 River Ridge Lane, Saint Thomas, MO 65076

Sakata Seed America, 18095 Serene Drive, Morgan Hill, CA 95037

Suntory Flowers, 1961 Dover Center Road, Westlake, OH 44145